Periodic limb movements consist of repetitive cycles of rhythmic movements, usually occurring in one or both legs but sometimes involving the arms.
These two disorders often occur together and have many characteristics in common, thus are discussed together. Periodic limb movements occur in about 5% of young adults, however the prevalence may be as high as 44% in people over age 64. The incidence of restless legs syndrome is between 2.5% and 15%. Periodic limb movements and restless legs syndrome are both relatively common conditions. Treatment options include continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), oral appliances for repositioning of the airway, surgery (uvulopalatopharyngoplasty, reducing the tissue in the throat and improving airflow), and conservative treatments (sleep positioning, weight loss).Obesity of the upper body can also contribute to the disease.As muscle tone decreases during non-REM and particularly REM sleep, the potential for obstruction increases. Upper airway obstruction in sleep apnea usually occurs between the epiglottis and the soft palate.The most common complaints are excessive daytime sleepiness and frequent awakenings, but there can also be associated bruxism (grinding of teeth), dry mouth on awakening, morning headaches, erectile dysfunction, memory deficits, and snoring.It is characterized by repetitive episodes of complete or partial airway obstruction.It is probably present in at least 3% of the general population but has been reported in up to 40% of middle aged men. Obstructive sleep apnea is one of the most common and most important sleep disorders, because of the possible serious consequences.
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